Analysis of Jims story of Po little Lizabeth in Huck Finn

Analysis of Jims story of Po little Lizabeth in Huck Finn How the passage conveys a theme:Through vivid imagery, situational irony, and a powerful emotional sequence, Twain gives the reader a memorable scene, one which conveys a powerful theme. Essentially, we see Jim, apparently a loving father, not even knowing his own daughter; he doesn't realize she is deaf and thus sends her "a-sprawlin'" across the room when she doesn't obey his command of shutting the door. It is situational irony; a person supposed to know this little girl the best doesn't at all. More importantly, Twain crafts the scene in a way that makes the reader slow down when he reads it; this is powerful as it allows the reader to focus on the vivid imagery of the scene. We see Jim busting out crying, grabbing his little daughter in his arms, regretting his actions and repenting for his sins. This imagery focuses on a major themeJim, a slave, has feelings too.Anti-Stratfordian Mark Twain, wrote "Is Shakespear...Thus, in Jim's narrative, Huck begins to see that even though he is a slave, Jim has strong familial ties and powerful emotions, and this is possibly a turning point in the novel regarding Huck and Jim's relationship. Twain accomplishes all of this in a simple, yet very emotionally powerful narrative.Message it sends to Twain's reader of 1884:Although slavery had been abolished by 1884, racism still existed. By portraying Jim with feelings (he was extremely sad and regretted slapping his daughter), Twain suggests that African-Americans are completely equal to whites. This is an eye opening passage, and Twain utilizes a sad narrative to show the reader of 1884 that blacks are equal to whitesnot just that they should be by law, but that they really are, and he uses Jim's emotion to show this.Message it creates for...

Funnel Beaker Culture - First Farmers of Scandinavia

Funnel Beaker Culture - First Farmers of Scandinavia The Funnel Beaker Culture is the name of the first farming society in northern Europe and Scandinavia. There are several names for this culture and related cultures: Funnel Beaker Culture is abbreviated FBC, but it is also known by its German name Tricherrandbecher or Trichterbecher (abbreviated TRB) and in some academic texts it is simply recorded as Early Neolithic 1. Dates for the TRB/FBC vary depending on the exact region, but the period generally lasted between 4100-2800 calendar years BC (cal BC), and the culture was based in western, central and northern Germany, the eastern Netherlands, southern Scandinavia, and most parts of Poland. The FBC history is one of a slow transition from a Mesolithic subsistence system based strictly on hunting and gathering to one of full-fledged farming of domesticated wheat, barley, legumes, and herding of domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats. Distinguishing Traits The main distinguishing trait for FBC is a pottery form called funnel beaker, a handle-less drinking vessel shaped like a funnel. These were hand-built from local clay and decorated with modeling, stamping, incising, and impressing. Elaborate flint and groundstone axes and jewelry made of amber are also in Funnel Beaker assemblages. TRB/FBC also brought the first use of the wheel and plow in the region, the production of wool from sheep and goats, and the increased use of animals for specialized tasks. The FBC were also involved in extensive trade outside of the region, for large flint tools from flint mines, and for the latter adoption of other domestic plants (such as poppy) and animals (cattle). Gradual Adoption The exact date of the entry of domesticated plants and animals from the near east (via the Balkans) into northern Europe and Scandinavia varies with the region. The first sheep and goats were introduced into northwestern Germany 4,100-4200 cal BC, along with TRB pottery. By 3950 cal BC those traits were introduced into Zealand. Before the advent of the TRB, the region was occupied by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, and, by all appearances, the change from Mesolithic lifeways to Neolithic farming practices was a slow one, with full-time agriculture taking between several decades to nearly 1,000 years to be fully adopted. The Funnel Beaker culture represents a massive economic shift from almost total dependence on wild resources to a diet based on tended cereals and domestic animals, and it was accompanied by a newly sedentary mode of life in complex settlements, the erection of elaborate monuments, and the use of pottery and polished stone tools. As with the Linearbandkeramic in central Europe, there is some  debate about whether the change was caused by migrants into the region or adoption of new techniques by the local Mesolithic people: it was likely a little of both. Farming and sedentism led to population increases and as the FBC societies became more complex they also became socially stratified. Changing Landuse Practices One important piece of the TRB/FBC in northern Europe involved a drastic change in land use. The darkly forested woodlands of the region were environmentally impacted by the new farmers expanding their cereal fields and pastured areas and by timber exploitation for building construction. The most important impact of these was the construction of pasturages. The use of deep forest for cattle foraging is not unknown  and is practiced even today in some places in Britain, but the TRB people in northern Europe and Scandinavia deforested some areas for this purpose. Cattle came to play a prominent role in the switch to permanent farming in the temperate zones: they served as a food storage mechanism, surviving on fodder to produce milk and meat for their humans over the winter. Plant Use Cereals used by TRB/FBC were mostly emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum) and naked barley (Hordeum vulgare) and lesser amounts of free-threshing wheat (T. aestivum/durum/turgidum), einkorn wheat (T. monococcum), and spelt (Triticum spelta). Flax (Linum usitatissimum), peas (Pisum sativum) and other pulses, and poppy (Papaver somniferum) as an oil plant. Their diets continued to include gathered foods such as hazelnut (Corylus), crab apple (Malus, sloe plums (Prunus spinosa), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), and blackberry (R. frruticosus). Depending on the region, some FBC harvested fat hen (Chenopodium album), acorn (Quercus), water chestnut (Trapa natans), and hawthorn (Crataegus). Funnel Beaker Life   The new northern farmers lived in villages made up of small short-term houses made of poles. But there were public structures in the villages, in the form of ditched enclosures. These enclosures were circular to oval systems made up of ditches and banks, and they varied in size and shape  but included few buildings within the ditches. A gradual change in burial customs is in evidence at TRB sites. The earliest forms associated with TRB are substantial burial monuments which were communal burials: they began as individual graves, but were reopened again and again for later burials. Eventually, the wooden supports of the original chambers were replaced with stone, creating impressive passage graves with central chambers and roofs made of glacial boulders, some covered with earth or small stones. Thousands of megalithic tombs were created in this fashion. Flintbek The introduction of the wheel into northern Europe and Scandinavia occurred during the FBC. That evidence was found at the archaeological site of Flintbek, located in the Schleswig-Holstein region of northern Germany, about 8 kilometers (5 miles) from the Baltic coast near the town of Kiel. The site is a cemetery containing at least 88 Neolithic and Bronze Age burials. The overall Flintbek site is that of a long, loosely connected chain of grave mounds, or barrows, approximately 4 km (3 mi) long and .5 km (.3 mi) wide, roughly following a narrow ridge formed by a glacial ground moraine. The most prominent feature of the site is Flintbek LA 3, a 53x19 m (174-62 ft) mound, surrounded by a curb of boulders. A set of cart tracks were found beneath the most-recent half of the barrow, consisting of a pair of ruts from a wagon fitted with wheels. The tracks (direct-dated to 3650-3335 cal BC) lead from the edge to the center of the mound, ending at the central location of Dolmen IV, the last burial construction at the site. Scholars believe these were laid down by wheels rather than tracks from a drag cart, due to the wavy impressions in the longitudinal sections. A Few Funnel Beaker Sites Poland: Dabki 9 Sweden: Almhov Denmark: Havnelev, Lisbjerg-Skole, Sarup Germany: Flintbek, Oldenburg-Danau, Rastorf, Wangels, Wolkenwehe, Triwalk, Albersdorf-Dieksknà ¶ll, Huntedorf, Hude, Flà ¶geln-Eekhà ¶ltjen Switzerland: Niederwil Sources Bakker JA, Kruk J, Lanting AE, and Milisauskas S. 1999. The earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles in Europe and the Near East. Antiquity 73(282):778-790.Gron KJ, Montgomery J, Nielsen PO, Nowell GM, Peterkin JL, Sà ¸rensen L, and Rowley-Conwy P. 2016. Strontium isotope evidence of early Funnel Beaker Culture movement of cattle. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 6:248-251.Gron KJ, and Rowley-Conwy P. 2017. Herbivore diets and the anthropogenic environment of early farming in southern Scandinavia. The Holocene 27(1):98-109.Hinz M, Feeser I, Sjà ¶gren K-G, and Mà ¼ller J. 2012. Demography and the intensity of cultural activities: an evaluation of Funnel Beaker Societies (4200–2800  cal BC). Journal of Archaeological Science 39(10):3331-3340.Jansen D, and Nelle O. 2014. The Neolithic woodland – archaeoanthracology of six Funnel Beaker sites in the lowlands of Germany. Journal of Archaeological Science 51:154-163.Kirleis W, and Fischer E. 2014. Neolithic cultiv ation of tetraploid free threshing wheat in Denmark and Northern Germany: implications for crop diversity and societal dynamics of the Funnel Beaker Culture. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 23(1):81-96. Kirleis W, Klooß S, Kroll H, and Mà ¼ller J. 2012. Crop growing and gathering in the northern German Neolithic: a review supplemented by new results. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 21(3):221-242.Mischka D. 2011. The Neolithic burial sequence at Flintbek LA 3, north Germany, and its cart tracks: a precise chronology. Antiquity 85(329):742-758.Skoglund P, Malmstrà ¶m H, Raghavan M, Storà ¥ J, Hall P, Willerslev E, Gilbert MTP, Gà ¶therstrà ¶m A, and Jakobsson M. 2012. Origins and genetic legacy of Neolithic farmers and hunter-gatherers in Europe. Science 336:466-469.

The organizational culture for results Research Paper

The organizational culture for results - Research Paper Example The research revealed the existence of several cultures and subcultures in Widney Cabs Ltd that matched the theoretical models developed by both Schein in the three level of classification i.e. Assumptions, Values and Artefacts and Denison's classification that outlines four attributes namely: Involvement, Consistency, Adaptability and Mission. This study will evaluate and assess the different aspects of organizational culture that exist in Widney Cabs Ltd. The study examines these culture(s) and sub cultures in light of the relationship with models or classification from academic literature, existing knowledge and theories on organizational culture. Jacques (1951) defines organizational culture as the customary or traditional ways of thinking and doing things common to most members of an organization. There exists a significant level of formal knowledge on the subject of culture(s) and sub-cultures that exist in organizations and their effects on the organizational behaviour. Founders and leaders of organizations create these cultures, which are then developed and sustained by people. Organization's executives generate and impart the organization's ideals. They also promote the core values that convey inclination to certain behaviors or effects. Norms on the other hand express acceptable ways of achieving set goals. Studies have shown that the development of organizational culture requires interaction within the membership. (Louis, Posner, and Powell 1983). According to Schein (1985), there are three levels of culture,the basic being Assumptions that form the foundation of culture. Assumptions Espoused values Artefacts (Beliefs, thoughts) (Goals, strategies e.t.c) (Visible manifestations) Fig 1. These assumptions are unconscious beliefs, thoughts, perceptions, and feelings. Next to these are the espoused values that consist of goals, philosophies. Lastly are the artefacts, which are physical manifestations, which may not be obvious to a lay observer of organizational behaviour and process. Schein's model has had a wide acceptance and has in many ways allowed insight on culture. However the model raises some questions: Who is unconscious about these assumptions It is presumed that the researcher will be aware but not the organizational members. What happen to the presumption when the organizational members learn about the Assumptions It is important that leaders learn about the underlying links that hold artefacts; values and assumptions together so that they can better understand the usefulness of this model in creating positive organizational change. Research by John VanMaanan and Steven Barley (1984) shed some light on the nature of interactions. They found out that intera ction was "cognitive and behavioural". New personnel learn from the established workplace community the conventional occupational behaviours and practices that are acceptable across the board. In organizations

Employment tribunal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employment tribunal - Essay Example According to statistics released by the Employment Tribunals Service, the claims accepted by tribunals in 2006 totaled 115,039. This figure showed a great improvement from the previous year when only 86,181 claims had been accepted. Of the claims that were accepted in 2006, 18% of them got a successful full hearing. The rest were withdrawn, settled, disposed of or unsuccessful. The tribunals passed an average award for unfair dismissal cases of 8,679 pounds. For successful discrimination cases, the average award was set at between 5,540 and 9020 pounds. A total of 867 decisions made by Employment tribunals were later appealed, of which only 298 cases were allowed. The rest were either withdrawn or dismissed (Edge, 2008). These statistics clearly indicate that although the tribunals were formed to help employees and employers solve any disputes among themselves in an amicable manner, it has not been an easy task to carry out this duty (Selwyn, 2006). One of the main issues that have b een hampering the effectiveness of the employment Tribunals in the UK is lack of independence. There are normally too many vested interests within the tribunals themselves. It is quite common to find some employers or their lawyers influencing tribunal proceedings so as to get the outcome they want.

Outlined the advantages and disadvantages of drinking bottled water Essay

Outlined the advantages and disadvantages of drinking bottled water - Essay Example In this assay, I will outline the advantages and disadvantages of drinking bottle water. Bottled water has several advantages which have won the consumer confidence since introduction. To start with, there is a lot of convenience in the use of bottled water (Lopez 2012, p 160). This is because, it is easily get bottled water from most retail centres, and therefore, there is no need to worry about the availability of drinking water as long as there is a retail centre nearby. In addition, the packaging itself makes bottled water easy to access and drink since there is no need to have additional requirement when using a small PET bottle for example, a cup as would be in the case of drinking tap water. On the other hand, bottled water is most preferred compared to the soft drinks, which are the close competitors. This is because, ‘they are calorie free, generally sodium free or low in sodium and quench one’s thirst better than the soft drinks’ (Brown 2014, P. 25). In fact, Lopez (2013), noted that ‘bottled water is relatively healthier than sugared soft drinks’. This explains why most people in the recent days would spend more to buy bottled water instead of a soft drink which initially was greatly accepted. In addition to the low calorific value of bottled drinking water, the packaging prevents environmental pollutants from getting into contact with drinking water. According to Queiroz et al. (2012), concerns about outbreak of water borne diseases and environmental pollution have necessitated bottling of drinking water. Actually, it is normal to hear cases where wastewaters have contaminated the sources of tap water. In addition, the different gases and liquid waste emitted from the industries somehow find way in to the rivers and dams that are the main sources of tap water. This in turn has made people to lose trust in tapped water and elevate the need for bottled water in the modern families. Lastly, with bottled water, there is

Quality Management Implementation In The Indian Automobile Industry Management Essay

Quality Management Implementation In The Indian Automobile Industry Management Essay To examine the success level of TQM implementation in an automobile industry by analysing the strengths and weaknesses of its critical success factors. 2. Research Questions What are the critical success factors of TQM implementation in an automobile industry? To what extent have the critical success factors of TQM been implemented in the automobile industry through the analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the critical success factors of TQM? 3. Hypothesis 1. In an automobile industry there exists a critical set of success factors for successful implementation of total quality management. 2. The extent of TQM implementation is positively and significantly associated with the strengths of the Critical Success factors. 4. Introduction Total Quality Management is not a destination but a journey toward improvement. V. Daniel Hunt. Quality by no means is a new concept in modern business. In October 1887 William Cooper Procter, told his employees, The first job we have is to turn out quality merchandise that consumers will buy and keep on buying. While working with Daimler Chrysler to improve its quality several decades ago, a Vice President of the United Auto Workers stated the importance of quality: No quality, no sales. No sales, no profit. No profit no job. One of the key elements of Fords 2002 Revitalization Plan was to Continue Quality Improvements. The top two vital few priorities set by Fords president for North America were Improve Quality and Improve Quality. Thus we can see that quality assurance has been an important aspect of production operations throughout history. Although initial initiatives focussed on reducing defects and errors in products and services through the use of measurement, statistics and other problem solving methods, organizations began to recognise the lasting improvement could not be accomplished without significant attention being given to the critical success factors that contribute to the quality of the management practices used on a daily basis. The real challenge today is to ensure that managers continue to apply the basic principles on which quality management and performance excellence is based. The global marketplace and domestic and international competition have made organizations around the world realise that their survival depends on high quality. As the business world becomes more complex, quality must be approached from a system, rather than a process perspective. Quality has transitioned from control, to assurance, futher on to management. Thus it is important to understand the various critical success factors which are responsible for the effective implementation of TQM. 5. Literature Review 5.1 Background The roots of TQM can be traced back to early 1920s when the concept was developed in Japan in the late 1940s and 1950s and pioneered by Americans Scholars Freigenbum, Juran and Deming. Total quality management (TQM), in its total effect is to involve all stakeholders in organization fully in programs that will increase organizational productivity, its profitability, effective work-place efficiency, improved job satisfaction, employee morale, and continuous product quality improvement. Quality is a term that has significant meaning to both the producer and customer. In todays global cut-throat marketplace, the demands of customers are continuously increasing as they require improved quality of products and services. Total quality management (TQM) has become increasingly prevalent as one of the management strategies in companies today with the objective of ensuring customer satisfaction and loyalty, besides improving products and service quality and reinforcing continuous improvement known as Kaizen. TQM is the only instrument to either maintain competitive advantage or survive competitive disadvantage (Spitzer, 1995). Total quality management is a major factor in the business quality revolution that has proven itself to be one of the 20th centurys most powerful creators of sales and revenue growth, genuinely good new jobs, and soundly based and sustainable business expansion (Feigenbaum , 1999). 5.2 What is Quality? In todays business there is no single definition for quality. One of the ways quality can be defined is as the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy the given needs (American National Standards Institute, 1978). Quality can be defined as the process to meet or exceed a customers expectation. The term Total Quality Management was developed by the Naval Air Systems Command to describe its Japanese style approach to quality improvement and became popular with business in the United States during the 1980s. Total quality is based on 3 basic principles: To focus on customers and stakeholders Ensure participation and teamwork by everyone in the organization Creating a process focus supported by continuous improvement and learning Total quality management is one of the measurements used in the automobile industry to ensure that the cars manufactured are reliable, satisfying the consumers at large and to ensure competitiveness in the market, as well as conformance to the international standard. All the existing automotive industries have reduced costs, increased process efficiency and strive to improve the quality of their products and services by meeting the needs of the people they serve through the application of total quality management (TQM) principles. As the competition is increasing globally quality management is gradually becoming important to the leadership and management of automotive industry. By implementing the following quality management tools, organizations will produce benefits for owners, employees, customers, suppliers and society as a whole. 6. Concepts of TQM Philosophy Many companies like Ford Motor Company, Motorola and Toyota Motor Company have implemented TQM in order to meet customer requirements. There are six main concepts of TQM philosophy (J Juran, G Merli): Concept Main Idea Customer Focus Goal is to identify and meet customer needs Continuous Improvement A philosophy of never ending improvement Employee Empowerment Employees are expected to seek out, identify, and correct quality problems Use of quality tools Ongoing employee training in the use of quality tools Product Design Quality should be in built in the process, sources of quality should be identified and corrected Managing Supplier Quality Quality concepts must extend to a companys suppliers Measurement Feedback Process performance in financial and non financial terms should be measured and feedback provision should exist. Training Development Training programs along with education for the suppliers and subcontractors are covered 6.1 Customer Focus For every company customer is the king. The automobile industry also depends on their customers and strives to meet their needs and also exceed their expectations (ISO) by providing a perfect product. It is never easy to determine what a client desires due to their changing tastes and preferences for cars. The automobile companies must constantly gather information constantly, by research groups, market studies, and meetings with clients, in order to remain close to clients tastes. Customer Driven Quality Cycle The customer driven quality cycle provides a view of the process in which customer needs and expectations are translated into perceptions during the design, production, and delivery processes (Bruce T. Barkley, James H Sailor, 2001). 6.2 Continuous Improvement The term continuous improvement means incremental improvement of products, processes, or services over time, with the goal of reducing waste to improve workplace functionality, customer service, or product performance (Suzaki, 1987). Customers expectations are always shifting to a higher level due to better and better results. When customers assess quality, not only do they compare companies to their last years performance but also to every other competitor that company has (B. Abohimed, 2001). TQM is concerned with continuous improvement in all spheres of work like strategic planning and decision-making, to detailed execution of work elements on the shop floor. Kaizen as it is referred in Japanese means change or the action to correct while Zen means good implying that Kaizen means a change for good or an action to correct something to make it better. Kaizen aims to eliminate waste by improving standardized activities and processes. One of approaches that help automobile companies is to constantly improve is the plan -do- study act (PDSA) cycle which describes the activities a company needs to perform in order to incorporate continuous never ending improvement in its operation (Deming, 1950). Source: Chicago Tribune PDCA cycles first step is to plan. Management must evaluate the current procedures and make future measures to evaluate performance implementation plans based on any problems they find. The next step is to Do which means implementing the plan by documenting all changes made and collecting the data for evaluation. The third step is to Check, i.e. study the data collected in the previous stage. The data is evaluated to see whether the plan is achieving the goals established in the plan phase or not. The last phase of the cycle is to Act according to the results found in the first three phases. Over the long run, superior performance depends on superior learning. (Peter Senge, 1960). Continuous improvement should be a part of the daily work by being practised at personal, work unit, and organizational levels. 6.3 Employee Empowerment Empowerment as a process of decentralizing decision making in an organization, whereby managers give more discretion and autonomy to the front line (Brymer, 1991). Continual and extensive training in quality measurement tools is provided to the workers in order to empower them to make decisions relative to quality in the production process and their contributions are highly valued. Source: Employee Empowerment: The Rhetoric and the Reality (Pearson, 1995) One good strategy that enhances the feelings of empowerment in employees is expressing confidence in them as well as establishing a realistic high performance for them by creating opportunity for employees to participate in decision making and giving them the autonomy to form bureaucratic constraints. Employees are always in the best position to detect problems and impose improvements if they are equipped to take steps to make improvements (Wilkinson, 1997). 6.4 Use of Quality Tools TQM requires the employees to identify and correct quality problems using certain graphical and statistical methods to plan work activities, collect data, analyse results, monitor progress, and solve. These are also known as the seven means for quality control which are: Cause and effect diagrams Scatter diagram Flowcharts Pareto chart Histogram Control charts Checklist 6.5 Product Design Every company should ensure that while building quality into a product it should meet a customers expectation which is not an easy task as customers often speak in everyday language. A product that is meant to be attractive, strong or safe can have different meanings to different customers. It is necessary to convert customers everyday language into specific technical requirements in order to produce a product that customers want. A valuable tool to translate the voice of the customer into specific technical requirements is Quality Function Deployment (QFD). QFD originated in 1972 at Mitsubishis Kobe shipyard site. It benefits companies through improved communication and team work between all constituencies in the value chain, such as between marketing and design, or between design and manufacturing. For example an automobile manufacturer would evaluate how changes in materials would have an impact on the customer safety requirements. Designing Production Systems for Quality These three are the important production system design objectives. After Ford acquired Jaguar, Jaguars quality improved rapidly due to production system changes. This was due to Ford adopting Toyotas production process at the Jaguar plant which proved that production system affects quality (Smith, 2001). Also Ford analysed incidents when defective purchased parts caused Ford to halt shipments of vehicles which made Ford conclude that manufacturing problems caused 83 percent of these incidents, while design problems caused17 percent. (Wilson and Sedgwick, 2002) QFD is a systematic procedure which is used to help build quality into the upstream processes and also into new product development while avoiding problems in the downstream production and delivery processes. 6.6 Managing Supplier Quality TQM extends the concept of quality to a companys suppliers. The philosophy of TQM extends the concept of quality to suppliers and ensures that they engage in the same quality practices. If suppliers meet preset quality standards, materials do not have to be inspected upon arrival. With the shift in emphasis from price to quality, automobile manufacturers have had to restructure their ties with their suppliers. Spokespeople for the automobile manufacturers generally emphasize how they are trying to build more cooperative relationships with suppliers, based upon long-term contracts, information sharing, and trust (Gardner, 1993). Some of the benefits of developing long term business partnership include: Reduction and elimination of the inspection of supplied parts and materials. Improved product and service quality, and delivery performance and responsiveness. Value for money purchases Security and stability of suppliers Transfer of ideas, expertise and technology between customer and supplier and dissemination and implementation of best practise. Exposure of the supplier to new tools, techniques, systems and business practices. 6.7 Measurement Feedback Deming has given utmost importance to the fact that all business processes should be a part of a measurement system along with a feedback structure. The feedback received should be studied by managers to identify the causes of variation at each step in a process, and then concentrate on improving that subset of processes. (Paul Arveson, 1998) This framework translates the voice of the customer into measures of performance which the organization can identify and improve. It also deals with internal measures of performance, assessment of the suppliers and development of rewards and recognition. 6.8 Training Development Companies committed to quality and high performance invest heavily in training and education as such investments add value to organizational capabilities. The leaders in quality like Deming, Juran, and Crossby actively promoted quality training and education. Training generally includes quality awareness, leadership, project management, communications, teamwork, problem solving, interpreting and using data, meeting customer requirements, process analysis, process simplification, waste reduction, error proofing efficiency and safety. 7. Studies on TQM As the Indian economy is globalising, achieving quality excellence is becoming one of the basic goals of all companies specially the automobile companies. Many companies are trying their best to get their hands on the Deming Award awarded for achieving for quality standards in their manufacturing activities. According to a few studies done around the world by a few companies on TQM, it has been found that TQM has got a positive influence on a companys growth and success. When the financial performance of 600 quality award winner companies was analysed, it lead to the conclusion that when TQM is implemented effectively, the financial performance also improves drastically (Singhal and Hendricks, 1999). TQM also helps companies to increase their market share and improve their competitiveness as found in a study done by Mohrman and Powell in 1995. TQM is considered to be a direct factor in influencing the corporate performance of a company. According to a study carried out on the efficiency levels of TQM in India, it was found out that TQM implementation in Mahindra Mahindra, one of the top India automobile companies considerably improved its performance. A similar survey carried out in Larsen Toubro concluded that TQM has a significant impact on the companys financial performance (Singh, 2000). TQM implementation in Indian industries even though is in its growth stage, is bringing about incredible changes in the performance of the organizational work force and helps in increasing the productivity and reducing costs. Total Quality Management has gained for itself a substantial acceptance in Indian automobile industry with the aim to raise the performance standards if Indian companies to world class level (Dinesh Sethi, Deepak Tripathy, 2006). But implementation of TQM is not an easy task. Many companies still do not commit themselves to its implementation whole heartedly (Downs and Mohr, 1980, Miller, 1993). One of the major success factors for implementation of TQM is a strong level of organizational commitment. Four more indispensible questions required for each company to answer for the successful implementation of TQM are: 1) Is there a presence of top management involvement? 2) Does the company face opposition from workers organizations? 3) Is the middle/upper management involved and interested? 4) Does there exist an organizational quality culture? A Total Quality strategy is effective only through the long-term commitment and devoted appliance by the top and middle management. The top management is held responsible for setting goals, strategically planning and allocating resources to aid implementation of all plans and initiatives. (Deming, 1982 Oarvin, 1987). Another important aspect for successful TQM implementation is employee participation promoted at all levels. Individual responsibility can be discharged only if power is delegated in different degree at all levels across the organization. Also the mission, vision and policies of a company should be consistent with those of TQM. Visionary leadership of the top management and complete involvement of the middle management along with the support of employees results in TQM being a successful endeavour in the company. It is has been found out that 62% of the Indian automobile sector believes to follow TQM as a guiding philosophy while 38% has still not adopted TQM as a guiding philosophy (Caravatta, 1997, Sharma, 1997, Agrawal, 1999). It is estimated that 70 % of the India automobile sector promises on time delivery more than 80 % of times. According to the world standards, Indian automobile industry is lagging behind. Only 52 % of the automobile companies are working towards achieving a cost reduction of more than 5% while shockingly still 48% of the organizations do not consider cost reduction as an important aspect. Unfortunately only 10-15% Indian automobile companies are using quality cost as measure of their quality performance thereby loosing an opportunity to spot critical areas for improvement (Harrington, 1997) 8. Six Sigma Motorola pioneered the concept of Sex Sigma as an approach to measuring product and service quality in the year 1987. Six Sigma provides an outline for implementation of a total quality system. The word Sigma in Six Sigma implies process performance. Six Sigma acts as a differentiator between world class and average manufacturing companies with benefits in scrap and rework costs, reject rates, achieved through teamwork and by removing organizational boundaries. It is a statistical unit used for measuring a units quality, with not more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities which imply achieving a quality standard of 99.99966%. Six Sigma covers the whole organization, including suppliers and customers (Quality Times, 1998). Six Sigma approach focuses on reducing variability and achieving excellence by working on three key strategies: Process optimization, standardization, and control Part standardization and certification of supplier Following a design for Manufacturability Six Sigma Conversion Table Source: Journal of Management Research, 2006 Six Sigma has been applied in product development, new business acquisition, customer service, accounting, and many other business functions. It is not possible for all processes to operate at a Six Sigma level. The appropriate level depends on the strategic importance of the process and the cost of improvement relative to the benefit. It is generally easy to move from 2 Sigma or 3 Sigma level to 4 Sigma levels, but moving beyond that requires much more effort and sophisticated statistical tools (James Evans, 2008). The problem solving methodologies used by Six Sigma are: DMAIC used for projects aimed at improving an existing business process. DMADV used for projects aimed at creating new product or process designs. 8.1 DMAIC Source: wordpress.com Define The first step while implementing Six Sigma is to define the problem in operational terms to facilitate further analysis. A good problem statement identifies customers and the Critical to Quality (CTQ) factors that have the most impact on product or service performance and identify the performance metrics and the cost implications of the project along with defining what is to be done by whom and when (Thomas Bertels, 2003) Measure This phase of DMAIC process focuses on how to measure the internal processes that affect CTQs. This requires an understanding of the relationships between process performance and customer value. Analyse This stage focuses on why defects, errors, or excessive variation occur. Finding the answers requires identifying the key variables that are most likely to cause errors and excessive variation the root causes. One of the tools of identifying the root cause is the 5 Why technique which forces one to redefine a problem as a chain of causes and effects to identify the source of the symptoms by asking why five times (George Patterson, 2003). Improve Once the root cause of a problem is understood, the team needs to generate ideas for removing the problem and improve the performance measures and CTQs. Some of the techniques used to facilitate idea generation are brainstorming, checklists, etc (Osborn, 2003). The ideas generated are then evaluated and the most promising ones are selected, confirming that the proposed solution will positively affect the key process variables and the CTQs. Control This part of DMAIC focuses on how to maintain the improvements, which includes putting tools in place to ensure that the key variables remain within the maximum acceptable ranges under the modified process. Controls might be as simple as using checklists or periodic status reviews to ensure that proper procedures are followed or employing process control charts to monitor the performance of key measures. 8.2 DMADV The DMADV project methodology, also known as  DFSS  (Design  for  Six  Sigma),  features five phases: Source: SixSigmaTraining.net Define  design goals that are consistent with customer demands and the enterprise strategy. Measure  and identify CTQs (characteristics that are  Critical  To  Quality), product capabilities, production process capability, and risks. Analyze  to develop and design alternatives, create a high-level design and evaluate design capability to select the best design. Design  details, optimize the design, and plan for design verification. This phase may require simulations. Verify  the design, set up pilot runs, implement the production process and hand it over to the process owner(s). In India, only 5% of Indian automobile companies seem to implement the Six Sigma rule due to which they have not been able to achieve steady level of quality based on  ±3 Sigma limits around the specified target value. Six Sigma is a tool for continuous improvement making an organization to concentrate on the requirements of customers, process alignment, and timely well planned execution (Skaria, 1995). Thus to be able to compete internationally Indian automobile sector should follow Six Sigma program in order to install the TQM philosophy. This would in turn help them to map their performance overtime and to take required prior measures. Although automobile sector in India implemented Six Sigma to gain competence in its quality aspect, it still failed to implement it in the right direction. This was due to a number of reasons like: Absence of top management involvement commitment Practising an authoritarian behaviour and a hierarchical thinking. Lack of adequate education and training for the employees. No strategic goal setting and a weak system of monitoring. Inadequate knowledge in the field of Six Sigma and its related tools. Lack of passion to be the best in quality. No building up of the practise of Kaizen, the culture of continuous improvement. Not paying enough attention to the needs of the customers. Impatience to develop a new strategy to achieve quality and thus resorting to a quick unreliable way of fixing things. Lack of collaboration, integrity, excellence and respect for each other. During the 1970s and early 1980s there were not many automobile manufacturers in India the growth of this sector was slow. But in 1983 a dramatic change in the scenario occurred when Maruti was taken over by the Indian government and Maruti entered joint venture agreement with Suzuki (Japan) which stirred a revolution in the Indian automobile industry. With the adoption of the policy of economic liberalization by Indian government in 1991, major car manufacturer companies such as General Motors, Fiat and Honda, got a chance to set up their manufacturing bases in India. Even after two decades gone after implementing TQM in the automobile sector, India is still a very small player in the world auto market production. The overall economy of India is a direct factor influencing the growth of the Indian automobile sector and still lot is required to be done by the companies to implement TQM tools like Kaizen, Six Sigma, 5S and TPM. Since growth of automobile in any country is an indication of overall economy, thus lot need to be done by the automobile sector in implementing TQM quality tools particularly 5S, Kaizen, Quality Function Deployment and Business Process Re engineering. 9. Lean Organizations Lean production was a concept developed by the Toyota Motor Corporation to focus on the elimination of waste in all forms, including defects requiring rework, unnecessary process steps, and unnecessary movement of materials or people, waiting time, excess inventory, and overproduction. One of the key tools used in lean production is the 5 Ss : Seiri Refers to ensuring that each item in a workplace is in its proper place Seiton Refers to arranging materials and equipments so that they are easy to find and use. Seiso Refers to a clean working area so as to reduce maintenance problems. Seiketsu Refers to formalize procedures and practices to create consistency and ensure that all steps are performed correctly. Shitsuke Implies keeping the process going through training, communication and organizational structures. 10. Conclusion All types of automotive industries aim to have reduced costs, increased process efficiency and improved quality of their products and services by working towards achieving the needs of their customers through the application of TQM. With growing cut throat competition, TQM has become an important aspect of the management of automotive industry. With the implementation of the quality principles discussed above, companies will produce profits for themselves and also satisfy the needs of owners, employees, suppliers and society as a whole.

Business at Work :: Papers

Business at Work Using the peter drucker- "The practise of management" We can see Coca cola is successfully achieving its objectives.  · Profitability- The primary goal of any profit-making organisation is to increase earning per market. Also coca cola is also maximising its profits  · Marketing share and standing- Cooperate marketing objectives can cover areas such as what products are to be sold in which markets, whether or not the organisation should aim to be the market leader in terms of pricing or product development.  · Productivity- coca-cola produces different brands of products for its customers, brands like diet coke, fanta, coke, and sprite. E.t.c. With all this products coca cola sells, it increases its revenue making the organisation make profit.  · Management and employee performance- this covers the development of good management and employee relations. Coca cola usually motivate its employees by giving their employees leaves and promotions; coca cola also operate an equal opportunity policy.  · Technical innovation- coca cola has to decide whether or not it should aim to be a technical innovator in terms of its products, or whether it should follow the lead or somebody else.  · Social and public responsibility- Coca cola usually donate money to the less privilege and also take precautions in the ingredients being used in producing their products in other not to harm their consumers.  · Resource utilization- this is where objectives are set which relate the efficient use of physical and financial resources. Vertical communication is the type that goes from the top of organisational chart to the bottom and vice versa. Vertical communication allows decisions by managers to be carried out by employees. It ensures that action is consistent and co-ordinated, reduces cost because fewer mistakes will be made. It leads to greater effectiveness and profitable. It helps managers understand employee's views and concerns. It can alert managers to potential problems. Horizontal communication takes place when people at the same level within an organisation pass information. An example might be a member

Sexual Behavior And Sexual Identity Health And Social Care Essay

HIV is no longer entirely stigmatising the â€Å" cheery white male. † In recent old ages, the menace has spread to more diverse populations, including adult females who have sex with adult females ( WSWs ) practising multiple sexual behaviours, while presuming a assortment of sexual individualities. Yet, the information, intercessions and research available today continue providing to the original face of this deathly disease. Despite the turning organic structure of research, WSWs remain â€Å" unseeable † to authorities research workers, private wellness attention suppliers and community wellness organisations. Therefore where services for WSW are readily available, suppliers frequently fail to acknowledge the differentiation between sexual behaviour and sexual individuality, a misconception merely farther reinforced by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) as it continues to categorise adult females infected by female-to-female transmittal harmonizing to past sexual and drug behaviours. In add-on to a reasonably common belief that WSWs are immune to HIV, this community is frequently dismissed upon unwraping their sexual individuality for a figure of grounds. As noted by Diamond, there is an â€Å" premise among scientists and laypeople alike that reliable sexual orientation develops early and is consistent through one ‘s life. † This writer goes on to farther stress that, â€Å" what is reliable is what is stable. † The subjective manner in which many position sexual individuality has been a primary subscriber to the huge array of steps available to research workers for measuring hazardous behaviours with respect to sexual orientation. Ultimately, this dismissive, inattentive and even mocking respect for adult females who have sex with adult females has put an already vulnerable and turning part of the United State ‘s population at even greater hazard for HIV every bit good as STI ‘s ( sexually transmitted infections ) . From the supplier ‘s point of view, issues faced by members of this sexual wellness minority seeking information and resources are slightly associated with those issues faced by organisations fighting to function specific patronage. Within the metropolis of Chicago, those suppliers turn toing the sexual wellness demands of WSW are few and far between. For the few in being, publicity of services to the intended demographic can be disputing for several grounds: 1 ) presuming exchangeability of sexual orientation ( or ignoring the demand for categorical sexual wellness services ) can skew the best agencies for measuring plan efficaciousness ; at the same clip 2 ) if agencies for finding a participant ‘s sexual orientation are flatly specific, one misclassification can ensue in inefficiency or mis-direction of resources toward those with lesser demand off from those with greater demand. Findingss from recent surveies underline the danger in presuming excessively much about mark groups and their high/low-risk sexual patterns. Though research may uncover some groups to be more vulnerable for certain diseases than others, this statistical difference by no agency justifies the gross instability in focal point, funding and/or support.RESEARCH Question:What sexual wellness services are available for WSW ( adult females who have sex with adult females ) within the metropolis of Chicago and how are these service organisations aiming patronages in footings of turn toing the intersection of sexual behaviour and individuality?Hypothesis:With an highly limited figure of suppliers active in Chicago, few resources are available for WSW. If an organisation provides services for WSW, so they most likely do so on the footing of sexual individuality accordingly restricting their chance to turn to the single client ‘s potentially bad sexual behaviour.LITERATURE REVIEW:Numerous s urveies suggest that adult females who have sex with adult females are at low hazard for HIV and the subsequent famine of dedicated HIV/STI bar services for this community seems to reenforce these sentiments. Yet, rates of infection for HIV/STIs amongst WSW are on the rise and activist alliances comprised of adult females populating positively state broad are get downing to talk out. The battle to supply sexual wellness services for a population that has been mostly overlooked by the medical community now demands national attending. Reasons for the current deficiency of information and resources, every bit good as challenges faced by active service suppliers are debated and analyzed severally in the literature reviewed. There are a figure of issues that contribute to the wellness disparities faced by WSW. For illustration, the Women ‘s Health Initiative, a US sample of 96,000 older adult females, found that tribades and bisexual adult females were significantly more likely to be uninsured compared to heterosexual adult females ( 10, 12 and 7 % severally ) ( Valanis et al. , 2000 ) . The deficiency of insured WSW may be, harmonizing to Arend, due to homophobia on the portion of the physicians and nurses. Patient studies of homophobia in the medical universe are seting WSW at an even greater hazard: â€Å" since attention suppliers may non further swearing relationships with in which their patients could experience comfy unwraping their sexual individuality and behaviour. † It must be noted that a client can non seek wellness services that do non be, or she is less willing to make so if she has either experienced stigma or anticipates a stigmatizing environment ( Dean et al. , 2000 ; Meye r & A ; Northridge, 2007 ) . Although the CDC considers female-to-female HIV transmittal a â€Å" rare happening, † instance studies every bit good as some surveies and a smattering of publications point out that non merely are vaginal fluids and catamenial blood potentially infective, but rates of infection amongst adult females who have sex with adult females are presently on the rise ( survey by lady at conference, CDC, Arend ) * . In the article, â€Å" HIV Testing Among Lesbian Womans: Social Context and Subjective Meanings, † Dolan and Davis utilised studies, focal point groups and in-depth interviews to depict HIV proving experiences among a sample of 162 sapphic adult females populating in a big southeasterly US metropolis ( Dolan & A ; Davis 2008, JOHNSON ) . Eighty per centum of the sample had tested at least one time, with more than 25 % holding tested five or more times. Most of the adult females tested voluntarily and despite the widely promoted misconception that WSWs are at low hazar d for HIV, the respondent ‘s perceptual experience of hazard was noted as the â€Å" most common ground for proving. † However, the CDC continues to categorise adult females infected by female-to-female transmittal merely harmonizing to their old sexual and drug behaviours, thereby disregarding an full community and perpetuating the â€Å" sapphic unsusceptibility † stereotype. For old ages, Aids has been profiled as a â€Å" cheery white male ‘s † disease. Merely in the past decennary have wellness instruction and diverseness preparation plans sought to counter what has been referred to as ‘the de-gaying of AIDS † ( Flowers, 2001 ) and alternatively advanced the claim that AIDS is a ‘democratic ‘ or ‘equal chance ‘ virus. Unfortunately, this push to reprogram an inaccurate image has failed in two facets: First of all, developing manuals intended to battle the impression that ‘AIDS is a cheery disease ‘ overpoweringly turn readers ‘ attending off from work forces who have sex with work forces ( MSM ) to refocus it upon the heterosexual community. Mentioning statistics such as â€Å" The World Health Organization says 75 % of people with AIDS were infected through heterosexual sex † is helpful for battling the purely cheery male association, but at what point should the public consider hazards associated with adult females who have sex with adult females? Second, in add-on to overlooking a vulnerable demographic, the reprogramming of AIDS instruction has a inclination to entirely categorise gender, ensuing in the marginalisation of WSWs. Harmonizing to Bourne et al. , efforts at making more politically right intercession plans have pushed many plans back to educating through a biomedical lens: â€Å" minimising the hazard of bodily unstable exchange and set uping physical barriers between spouses. † One article highlights how â€Å" this point of view may be deficient when sing the emotionally charged sphere of sexual behaviour, which is, by its really nature, societal. † Intervention plans based on a biomedical position on safe sex tend to turn to intervention/education demands in a categorical, diagnostic mode. Bourne and Robson ‘s analysis of the biomedical attack to learning â€Å" safe sex † reveals how wellness publicity schemes which fail to take history of the complexnesss of lived experience are, as a consequence, mostly ignored by the mark population as being incompatible with their demands. Properly turn toing the demands of a peculiar sexual minority group ever draws attending to a cardinal, on-going argument in gender and wellness. The dissension over which issue to turn to first, behaviour or individuality, is seeable throughout the literature reviewed. Diamond notes, there is an â€Å" premise among scientists and laypeople alike that reliable sexual orientation develops early and is consistent through one ‘s life † ( 2009:52 ) . What is reliable is what is stable. â€Å" So the familiar battlefields are drawn: fixed=biological= deserving of credence and protection, whereas variable=chosen=fair game for stigma and favoritism † ( Diamond 2009:246 ) . * Some writers, nevertheless, argue that sexual orientation is non one thing. Rather, it has many constituents, including behaviour, individuality and desire. For some, behaviour may be a defining characteristic of their sexual orientation, while for others desire may be the most of import ( Tabatabai ) * . Sexual behaviour is less of import for adult females as they consider their sexual orientation ( Peplau and Garnets 2000 ) . Some experts conclude that prosecuting in sexual behaviour with a member of the same gender is non a requirement for placing in a peculiar manner and a recent Indiana University survey supports this theory. The 2010 study of Thirty showed that while X % of adult females surveyed identified as heterosexual, XXX had engaged in same sex sexual behaviours. Numerous articles highlighted hazards associated with sexual wellness service suppliers turn toing sexual individuality entirely, but the ways in which the faculty member and medical community approach sexual behaviour and designation remain subjective, thereby perpetuating wellness disparities amongst WSW. When revelation becomes a battle, so does efficaciously providing to the client ‘s yesteryear, present, or possible bad sexual behaviours. So, at the supplier degree, after an organisation decides whether to offer intercession scheduling directed at adult females who have sex with adult females, the best theoretical account for carry oning client outreach and best methods for finding proper individualized attention take centre phase. * While some adult females are really unfastened about both their diseases and sexual individuality, others are loath to discourse these issues due to frights of culturally-based stigmas against homosexualism and HIV, homophobia and maltreatment signifier medical professionals and disaffection from household members and larger communities. * Thus, a supplier motivated to make more for WSW wellness can make little with deficient support, inaccurate information or a limited outreach theoretical account. Harmonizing to a 2008 auxiliary issue within the Journal of Homosexuality, the usage of inclusive signifiers, linguistic communications and treatments that do non presume the person ‘s individuality, orientation, behaviour and relationship position are important for easing optimum bringing of attention and services. * Intake signifiers are, therefore, the first and sometimes last chance a supplier has to link with their client. Research is limited and what is available is overpoweringly theoretical. A quantitative appraisal of adult females ‘s sexual individuality and how it aligns with their behaviour is good for efficaciously patterning intercession plans. A qualitative analysis and cross-organizational appraisal of organisations presently supplying services in the Chicago country is good for finding outreach efficaciousness. Ratess of infection amongst WSW are quickly on the rise, yet the research community has been slow to react. This survey aims to pull attending to a sexual minority that is frequently overlooked by all three social sectors and foregrounding multiple barriers toward having equal attention is the first measure in bettering sexual wellness service efficaciousness for WSW.RESEARCH DESIGN:Both quantitative and qualitative methods will be utilized in this three-part multi-strategy research procedure: A quantitative analysis and rating of bing informations from a 2009 NYC Community Hea lth Survey ( CHS ) will turn to the intersection of sexual behaviours and individuality. From 2002 to 2008, 10,000 grownups aged 18 and supra participated in the cross-sectional study. The CHS, based on the National Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System ( BRFSS ) and conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, provides informations on a sample population comparable to Chicago. The quantitative part is important in that it will showcase a statistical form in the intersection of sexual behaviour with sexual individuality. This statistical form will reenforce the demand for qualitative appraisal of bing service organisations and explorative research on the mode in which an organisation determines client service. Three bing organisations functioning WSW ( adult females who have sex with adult females ) within the metropolis of Chicago ( Planned Parenthood of Illinois, Howard Brown Health Center ‘s Lesbian Community Care Project, and Chicago Women ‘s Health Center ) will be evaluated for a bipartite qualitative part. Interviews with decision makers heading each organisation and studies with staff responsible for personally interacting with plan attendants will supply qualitative informations in this exploratory and explanatory survey. The interview responses and study consequences will so be evaluated in concurrence with an analysis of each organisation ‘s intake signifier ( a standard paper signifier used for finding new client demands ) . Examination of said signifier will function to expose the mode in which each organisation categorizes and later â€Å" dainties † their clients. Textual analysis and qualitative in-depth observation of all three organisations will find whether WSW sexual wellness services are based upon the client ‘s sexual behaviour or the sexual individuality they declared upon consumption. Pairing the qualitative ratings with the quantitative research findings from a comparable population provides greater apprehension of the service demands within Chicago, the best methods for outreach and the issues that potentially arise from these current outreach methods.

Free Essays on The New Global Terrorism

The New Global Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes & Controls By Charles W. Kegley, Jr. The differences between today’s terrorism and yesterday’s terrorism is that it is global, lethal, novel, waged by civilians, reliant on hatred and the most advanced technology, and it operates outside moral and legal norms. These changes require new strategies and tactics. According to a 1970’s expert on terrorism, there are four forms of terrorism: international, transitional, state and domestic. International terrorism is the type of terrorism that is conducted by people controlled by a sovereign state. Transitional terrorism is practiced by autonomous non-state actors, but not necessarily with a sympathetic state. Domestic terrorism involves the nationals of only one state. State terrorism is practiced by a state within its own borders, like genocide by the Nazis. Kegley states that in the 21st century we are dealing with terrorism and irregular warfare. Transitional terrorists, such as the al-Qaeda, have been successful in breaching our long-standing defense to inflict great harm on Western societies. Kegley describes four waves of rebel terror and finally September 11th. â€Å"Anarchist wave† continued for 40 to 45 years. Then the â€Å"anti-colonial wave† began in the 1920’s and by the 1960’s, it had for the most part disappeared. The late 1960’s brought the â€Å"new left wave† which lasted through the 1990’s, leaving a few groups still active in Sri Lanka, Spain, France, Pene and Columbia. The fourth and final wave was called the â€Å"religious wave.† The religious wave began in 1979, and will probably last another 25 years like its predecessors. There are four things to consider when identifying someone as a terrorist: biography, goals, methods, and context. Kegley says that the single most important criterion is methods. An analysis of terrorist incidents over the past century shows that there is... Free Essays on The New Global Terrorism Free Essays on The New Global Terrorism The New Global Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes & Controls By Charles W. Kegley, Jr. The differences between today’s terrorism and yesterday’s terrorism is that it is global, lethal, novel, waged by civilians, reliant on hatred and the most advanced technology, and it operates outside moral and legal norms. These changes require new strategies and tactics. According to a 1970’s expert on terrorism, there are four forms of terrorism: international, transitional, state and domestic. International terrorism is the type of terrorism that is conducted by people controlled by a sovereign state. Transitional terrorism is practiced by autonomous non-state actors, but not necessarily with a sympathetic state. Domestic terrorism involves the nationals of only one state. State terrorism is practiced by a state within its own borders, like genocide by the Nazis. Kegley states that in the 21st century we are dealing with terrorism and irregular warfare. Transitional terrorists, such as the al-Qaeda, have been successful in breaching our long-standing defense to inflict great harm on Western societies. Kegley describes four waves of rebel terror and finally September 11th. â€Å"Anarchist wave† continued for 40 to 45 years. Then the â€Å"anti-colonial wave† began in the 1920’s and by the 1960’s, it had for the most part disappeared. The late 1960’s brought the â€Å"new left wave† which lasted through the 1990’s, leaving a few groups still active in Sri Lanka, Spain, France, Pene and Columbia. The fourth and final wave was called the â€Å"religious wave.† The religious wave began in 1979, and will probably last another 25 years like its predecessors. There are four things to consider when identifying someone as a terrorist: biography, goals, methods, and context. Kegley says that the single most important criterion is methods. An analysis of terrorist incidents over the past century shows that there is...

Civil liberties, habeas corpus and war on terror

Civil liberties, habeas corpus and war on terror Introduction Habeas corpus is one of the legal principles, which constitute the foundation of law in America. The principle enables an individual to challenge detention. This is a vital principle in law whose application has largely depended on regimes, the governance approach and security challenges that a government encounters.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Civil liberties, habeas corpus and war on terror specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various regimes have applied the principle in different ways (Halliday, 2011). The variation in the application has been controversial with the onset of war on terror (WON). Legal hurdles have impaired WON as regimes seek to hold enemy combatants without any trial. However, the presence of this clause limits the ability of authorities to detain suspects without initiating hearings (Fiss, 2006). The congress and the president have the capacity to lift the right to habeas corpus. The application of this right is largely dependent on the security challenges that a regime encounters. As such, the suspension of habeas corpus depends on the security challenges that a government is encountering. Definition of habeas corpus With reference to the American constitution, habeas corpus is a vital principle of freedom. The terminology means ‘to avail the body’ in Latin. Consequently, it enables individuals to access freedom from detention without any trial. The American constitution affords its citizenry with the right to plea to this legal clause. In such cases, the American government has to answer to the court. The government has to provide concrete reasons for holding a person. Subsequently, the court determines whether the reasons provided are adequate to allow the wavering of this fundamental right. Habeas corpus in America is much similar to the corresponding law in England. The American law emanated from the English statutes. However, there are numerous adjustments in the respective nations to suit their circumstances. There are certain reasons that lead to lifting of this right. They include rebellion and protection of public safety. Over years, the application of habeas corpus has changed with countless infringements by authorities (Hafetez, 2011). War on terror The WON has culminated in controversy owing to the government’s detention of civilians believed to be enemy combatants. The application of this vital principle has been violated by subsequent regimes as they seek to detain combatants. The challenge that the government encounters is the prosecution of the alleged combatants in civilian court. As such, the terror charges would not stand before judges and most of the combatants would be set free.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To prevent this, the government regards enemy combatants as terrorists. This enables the authority to detain such suspects despite the illegality of such detentions. The Bush administration encountered numerous challenges as it was holding suspected criminals without trial. Owing to this challenge, the Bush regime could not effectively execute its strategies during the WOT. Subsequently, it sought to build a holding camp in a place where the American constitution had no jurisdiction. Guantanamo bay was constructed on land leased from the Cuban authority. As such, the American constitution had no jurisdiction. The government held terror suspects on the island without any trial. The right to habeas corpus was not applicable on this detention camp (Fiss, 2006). Cases challenging detention The action to hold detainees in Guantanamo was challenged severally. In Boumediene v. Bush, the court ruled that Boumediene, a Bosnia and Herzegovina national had the right to plead to habeas corpus. Consequently, his detention was illegal. The court decision culminated from 5-4 majority in the ruling. The application of insular cases meant that the American constitution had jurisdiction in Guantanamo since America had complete authority and control over the territory. The decision by the Supreme Court resulted in subsequent cases pertaining to this right. Other suspects sought to plead to this right (Cornell University Law School 2007). However, their efforts were curtailed by legislation. In subsequent cases pertaining to detainees held in the Guantanamo camp, the court ruled that the detention was illegal. Consequently, the government solved the impending crisis by establishing the Combatants status review tribunal. The detainees held in the camp were to face a military commission since the government ruled out trials in civilian courts (Cornell University Law School 2007). Courts’ role in the implementation of habeas corpus In light of the above cases, the court exercised absolute authority on the ability of any detainee to p lead to this habeas corpus. The jurisdiction of the court limited the ability of the defence department to breach this right. However, to some extent the president prevailed since the detainees did not receive the right to prosecution in a civilian court. If the proceeding were in civilian courts, most of the detainees would be set free. This would hinder the WOT since the civilian courts would set free such detainees. The government viewed the prosecution of enemy combatants in civilian courts as counterproductive (Hephaestus Books 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Civil liberties, habeas corpus and war on terror specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Previous incidences of suspension habeas corpus’ The Congress and the president can exercise their authority and limit the right to plea to this right. President Lincoln did so during the civil war when part of America was under enemy forces. The suspen sion of this rights resulted in the establishment of military courts to deal with the rebels that wanted to seize the capital. However, Lincoln faced an aggressive senate once it resumed from recess. The high court in Maryland overturned Lincoln decision pertaining to the right of habeas corpus. However, the president assumed the court’s decision and continued to suspend this right with regard to combatants. Once the senate resumed it passed legislation approving the president’s action. The president’s actions were necessary since American was encountering a rebellion. According to Sir William Blackstone, one of the lords that were pivotal in the creation of this principle the King had to know of any retrains on his subjects. Once the English legal system was fully operation, the legal statues provided that the right could only be waived during a rebellion or an invasion. This is much similar to what the legal statutes in America provide. Similarly, during the S econd World War the president could suspend habeas corpus. However, the court limited the suspension of this right to only crimes that relate to war only. If habeas corpus was suspended, the applicable law only applied to crimes pertaining to invasion, enemy combatants and rebellions. In the above scenario, the courts also limited the suspension of this right. This limits the misuse of the suspension of habeas corpus (Fiss, 2006). Congress and the president The congress being the ultimate legislative body has the capability to determine various aspects of habeas corpus. The congress has enacted laws, which determines the application of habeas corpus. Evidently, alterations to this right mainly result from the security challenges that the nation is encountering. The alterations have sought to approve measures to detain combatants or suspects who threaten the safety of America. The congress first altered the right to habeas corpus was during the Lincoln era, when the president suspend ed this right as the senate was in recess. Despite confrontations in congress, senators ratified the president’s executive order to suspend habeas corpus. The second situation, which required the suspension of habeas corpus, was during World War II (Chemerisnky, 1987). Legal changes owing to WON The Oklahoma and twin towers attacks are other security challenges that have culminated in the suspension of this right. The latter resulted in massive legal changes to deal with terror. However, alterations have encountered challenges if they infringe on the constitutional rights of a person.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The 2001 presidential military order sanctioned detention of individuals believed to partake in terrorist activities without any legal proceedings to prove their innocence. Legal scholars were opposed to such an order since it violated habeas corpus. Despite the approval of detention based on terrorist suspicions, the Supreme Court proved the supremacy of the rights entrenched in the constitution through various rulings such as Hamdi v Rumsfield. Cases such Boumediene v. Bush and Hamdi v. Rumsfield had dissenting justices. However, it was vital that the court observed the constitution. This is because habeas corpus is a basic right for any person restrained by American authorities. Consequently, suspending it without providing a detainee with a chance at justices breaches the basic rights entrenched in the constitution. Unlike in previous scenarios where the legal system shied away from upholding the law when the executive contravenes it, the court emerged as an independent organ of governance by terming the detentions unlawful (Perkins, 2004). Personal views on habeas corpus Habeas corpus is a key right in any free society. As such, it is vital to uphold it. Despite the complex security challenges that this nation encounters, it is paramount to ensure that all detainees have access to a legal process where they can prove their innocence. Terrorist charges should not be a basis to detain an individual without any legal procedure to try the suspect. Terror poses a massive challenge to this society. Subsequently, on the determination of the involvement of a suspect in such activities, the suspect should face appropriate legal process. Where the suspect is extremely dangerous specialized trial procedures should apply. These include military commissions and tribunals. The constitution of such tribunals should have civilian legal representatives who should ensure that the basic rights of a defendant are upheld. The president and the congress should also exercise ca ution in suspending habeas corpus since it breaches the basic rights in our constitution (Hephaestus Books, 2011). Conclusion In instances where the government suspends habeas corpus, it seeks to address certain security challenges. The details above exemplify the above assertion fully from the Lincoln regime to the Bush era. However, suspension of such a right has encountered legal challenges from courts, which have either outlawed or limited the suspension of this right. Courts undertake a vital role in ensuring that all detainees can challenge their arrest in a court or an appropriate legal system to suit their circumstance. The congress and the president have emerged as key figures in the implementation of this right with the initial passing bills to influence its application. Conversely, the latter issues executive orders to suspend habeas corpus which congress can ratify to ensure legality. Suspension of habeas corpus has exclusively pertained to individuals that pose a signif icant threat to the security of this nation. Conclusively, the suspension of habeas corpus pertains entirely to the security challenges that this nation is encountering. References Chemerisnky, E. (1987). Thinking about habeas corpus. Law Review, 37:748-789. Cornell University Law School. (2007). Boumediene et al. v. Bush, president of the United States, et al. Retrieved from https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/06-1195.ZS.html Fiss, O. (2006) The War Against Terrorism and the Rule of Law. Oxford Journal ofLegal Studies, 26 (2): 235-256. Hafetez, J. (2011). Habeas Corpus and the â€Å"War on Terror. Retrieved from https://www.acslaw.org/ Halliday, P. (2011). Habeas Corpus: From England to Empire. USA: Congress Publication. Hephaestus Books. (2011). Articles on Global War on Terror Captives Habeas Corpus Petitions, Including. Virginia: Hephaestus Books. Perkins, J. (2004). Habeas Corpus in the war against terrorism: Hamdi v. Rumsfeldand Citizen Enemy Combatants. Hein Online public ation, 19: 437-460.

Human Resource Management (COSTCO) Research Paper

Human Resource Management (COSTCO) - Research Paper Example Outside US it operates in the UK, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Taiwan, Canada and Mexico. The company is undeniably the leader in its field. It is very strict to maintain its quality in every dimension of its business and always give value to its business policies and ethics. Though it is a big company with a great international business expansion, it still has maintained a healthy, cultural and homely work environment, which is very essential for the flourish and success of its employees. The company gains through its employees through â€Å"a loyal, productive and efficient cadre of employees† (American Rights at Work) The compensation package including the benefits have been negotiated such that they are positioned to the best in the business. All these factors have worked to make the company to be identified as one of the top three company of Washington as declared by the Washington CEO Magazine. (Did you Know?). The paper analyses the role of the compensation structure provided to the employees towards its betterment and current state of flourish. It is well known that COSTCO provides great benefit and very liberal compensation to its employees. A cashier of the company having work experience of four years earn above $40,000 along with all the other benefits in the company. Beside the benefits such as medical allowance, disability, dental check up facility etc., the person can also take a part in the 401K program of the company and can buy the stock options. If we minute analyze these benefits we can notice that these benefits are almost the top in the industry. If we compare the company with its counterpart in the industry Wal-Mart, we see that both these two companies follow the price oriented sales policy as their strategy. But when the Wal-Mart is highly criticized for its low pay and benefit strategy to its employees, the COSTCO is appreciated

Never let me go Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Never let me go - Assignment Example The story uses both reality and fiction to portray the four major themes which are love, life, care and death. ‘Never let me go’ is a title that suits the novel as the story rotates around love, care and death which are themes related to the idea of refusing to lose something go as a result of cherish or importance. The title is drawn from a cassette tape with the label ‘Songs After Dark’ sang by Judy Bridgewater (Kazuo, 59). Kathy had the cassette while in Hailsham which got lost while still in the school. However Tommy and Ruth come to find another cassette with the same songs ten years later while on their way to Norfolk and decide to take it to Kathy. This can be seen in a statement by Tommy, The album’s called Songs After Dark and it’s by Judy Bridge-water. Whatever I’ve got today isn’t the actual cassette but close to the one in Hailsham† (Kazuo, 59). This indicates that no matter where Kathy goes, the song follows her reminding her of her purpose in life. The story begins in Hailsham at a fiction boarding in England. This is the place where the clones are raised and taught the basic skills I life before moving to the outside world just like the way ordinary people go to school before graduating and joining the independent stage commonly referred to as adulthood. Tommy, Ruth and Kathy develop a relationship based on friendship. They finally leave the facility and get into their normal independent lives. After ten years, they meet again and continue staying close to each other. The memories of Hailsham cold not let go of Tommy as he kept telling Kathy of the life they had back in the boarding facility. This is evident in the statement made by Tommy to Kathy â€Å"You know, Kath, when I used to play football back at Hailsham. I had this secret thing I did. When I scored a goal, Id turn round like this†Ã¢â‚¬â€œhe raised both arms up in triumph–â€Å"and Id run back to my mates. The memories I value most, I dont see them ever